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JACKSON AVW (1938) The brand new personality off Mani, this new founder out-of Manichaeism
Regardless of if expose it’s as if he were absent, and even though live it’s since if he was inactive
Record of one’s American Oriental Area 58: 235-forty. Heading representations of Mani or Manes, c. 216-276 Ce, was discussed, having idea of tradition detailed by al-Nadim (writing c. 987 Le) one to Mani is lame in both base or even in his correct leg. You to definitely community might possibly be supported by retranslation away from an expression within the new Pahlavi Denkart (3.two hundred, 1-13) (discover Dinkard, above), using the label ‘broken’ or ‘crippled’ to help you Mani (discover below, al-Nadim, Fihrist, pp. 773, 794).
Al-JAHIZ (Abu Othman Amr container Bahr). Al-Barsan wal-Argan wal-Umyan wal-Hawlan [The latest Lepers, the new Lame, this new Blind, additionally the Squinting], ed. Abdel-Salam Haroun (1998). Cairo. Al-Jahiz (776-868) are a prolific, influential and significantly ugly author which have ‘goggle eyes’ (jahiz), during the Basra (now inside Iraq), whoever work might have been much quoted along the Arab business. Here, based on Michael Dols, the guy discussed “bodily infirmities like facial skin problems, lameness, paralysis, and you may deafness and private qualities such as hair loss, leanness, and you will ugliness.” His point was to show that “bodily infirmities and you will peculiarities don’t impede an individual off getting a completely effective member of new Muslim neighborhood or pub your out-of extremely important offices. Al-Jahiz maintained one real ailments aren’t social stigmas but are exactly what is generally named signs of divine blessing otherwise choose.” (M Dols, 1983, The leper into the Medieval Islamic neighborhood. Speculum 58: 891-916, with the p. 901) Even after his very own experience of bad social reactions, al-Jahiz in just one of his better-known really works, ‘The Miracle regarding Creation’, authored harshly on societal regions of deafness. Besides the deaf individuals death of tunes, “Men and women are bored inside the business and then he is a burden on them. He or she is unable to pay attention to any of the people’s stories and you may talks. ” (cited of the F. Haj, Disability inside the Antiquity, q.v., p. 159). An alternate commentator cards you to definitely “Al-Barsan wal-Argan. ” is the most tough functions by Jahiz, and its procedure is close to novel inside the historical Arabic books. (There does not be seemingly an English interpretation offered at present).
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JAIN, Jagdish C (1947) Existence when you look at the Ancient India just like the Depicted on the Jain Canons. Bombay: The fresh new Guide Organization. Disease and medication, together with certain handicaps, of Jaina sources (pp. 178-81) istoДЌnoeuropski Еѕene osobe. People with disabilities, in addition to rational retardation, was excluded off signing up for religious commands (194). Find Tattvartha Sutra, below; and second two products).
[JAINA Messages] Gaina Sutras translated away from Prakrit, transl. Hermann Jacobi, 2 vols, (1884 and you may 1895), SBE 22 & forty-five, Oxford: Clarendon. [Brand new SBE collection made use of an italicised ‘G’ rather than ‘J’, definitely grounds. Right here ‘Gaina’ could have been reinserted in the normal alphabetical buy to own convenience.] – New Akaranga Sutra (inside the vol. I), out of possibly the 5th century Le, provided training to possess a holy and you can simple lifetime. Handicap and disability appear, age.g. “towards the devastation of thinking of your ear, eye, organs of smelling, sampling, holding, men becomes aware of the new decline from lifetime” (vol. I: p. 15) [Bk I (2) 1]. Fruits off completely wrong acts within the earlier lifetime is: “Comes and leprosy, application, falling disease, loss of sight and you may hardness, lameness and humpbackedness, Dropsy and you will dumbness, search! apoplexy (?) and you may attention-condition, trembling and you can crippledness, elephantiasis and you may diabetic issues, They are the 16 infection specified within the due buy; besides all of them of numerous problems and injuries are present.” (I: 54) [Bk We (6) step 1.] But really proper-minded people should take care to play with harmless words when meeting a person with such as for example standards. It “must not speak ones like this: ‘He has comes or leprosy, etcetera [incorporating brand new words shown over]; their give was reduce, otherwise his legs, nostrils, ear canal, lip is slash.’ To own since the the these people, verbal in order to this kind of language, feel crazy, and this, offered well, they have to maybe not speak with all of them in such vocabulary.” (I: 152-53) [Bk II, (4) dos.] – The latest Uttaradhyayana Sutra (when you look at the Vol. II) including notes disability that have ageing, “In the event the looks increases old, plus hair converts white, the efficacy of your own ears minimizes”, similarly towards the sight, nose, tongue, touching (II: p. 44)